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banking terms

By Victor S. Fischer
  ✍️ CRR Cash Reserve Ratio is the minimum fraction of total deposits of a bank’s customers that banks have to hold as reserves with the central bank. ✍️ SLR Statutory Liquidity Ratio is the ratio of liquid assets to the net demand and time liabilities. ✍️ LAF Liquid Adjustment Facility is a tool to allow banks to borrow money through repurchase agreements. It consists of repo and reverse repo operations. ✍️ MSF Marginal Standing Facility allows scheduled banks to borrow funds overnight from RBI against approved government securities. ✍️ MSS Market Stabilization Scheme is a monetary policy intervention by RBI to withdraw excess liquidity by selling government securities in the economy. ✍️ OMO Open Market Operations refers to the buying and selling of government securities in the open market so as to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system. ✍️ REPO Repo...
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By Victor S. Fischer
Business Communication – Introduction Notes Business Communication is the ability of a group of individuals to speak the same language internally and externally towards business promotion. Business communication is one of the most important tool for an organization to succeed in a professional manner. Communication that takes place in an organization between its employees and management team is crucial to business growth and must reflect a common goal towards which every member of the organization is working. This common goal gets permeated into every Employee’s role through set of communication like vision, mission, business objectives, financial Goals etc. Thus, it is of paramount importance to comprehend the real contribution of Business Communication to organizational growth. This understanding will pave way to groom oneself on the various aspects of communication making it an effective one in the longer run. What is Communication? The word commu...
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History Of Education In South Asia

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The remnants of the library of Nalanda, built in the 5th century BCE by Gupta kings. It was rebuilt twice after invasion, first after an invasion from the Huns in the 5th century BCE and then after an invasion from the Gaudasin the 7th century CE but abandoned after the third invasion by Turkic invaders in the 12th century. Takshasila (in modern-day Pakistan) was the earliest recorded centre of higher learning in India from possibly 8th Century BCE, and it is debatable whether it could be regarded a university or not in modern sense, since teachers living there may not have had official membership of particular colleges, and there did not seem to have existed purpose-built lecture halls and residential quarters in Taxila, in contrast to the later Nalanda university in eastern India. Nalanda was the oldest university-system of education in the world in the modern sense of university. There all subjects were taught in Ariano -páli Langua...
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complete detail of census 2011

By Victor S. Fischer
Census is nothing but a process of collecting, compiling, analyzing, evaluating, publishing and disseminating statistical data regarding the population. It covers demographic, social and economic data and are provided as of a particular date. Census is useful for formulation of development policies and plans and demarcating constituencies for elections. The Census of India has been conducted 15 times, As of 2011. It has been conducted every 10 years, beginning in 1871. In Exam point of view, Questions related to Census is very common in all kinds of competitive exams. In every exam, we can expect a minimum of one or two questions from Census. Here is the simple and perfectly categorized 2011 Census of India. Census 2011 were released in New Delhi on 31st March 2011 by Union Home Secretary GK Pillai and RGI C Chandramouli. Census 2011 was the 15th census of india & 7th census after Independece The motto of census 2011 was “Our Census, ...
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The Revolt of 1857

By Victor S. Fischer
Political Causes The policy of Doctrine of Lapse Economic Causes heavy taxation, evictions, Discriminatory Tariff Policy against Indian products and destruction of traditional handicrafts that hit peasants, artisans and small zimindars. Military Discrimination as Indian soldiers were paid low salaries, they could not rise above the rank of subedar and were racially insulted. Grievances of Sepays:  The introduction of Enfield rifles, andits cartridge of which was greased with animal fat, provided the spark. British social reforms ( widow remarriage, abolitionof sati, education for girls, Christan missionaries). Cause of Failure The Nizam of Hyderabad, the Raja of Jodhpur, Scindia of Gwalior the Holkar of Indore, the rulers of Patiala, Sindh and Kashmir and the Rana of Nepal provided active support  to the British. Comparative lack of efficient leadershi...
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Chalukas Dynasty and Pallava Dynasty

By Victor S. Fischer
THE CHALUKYAS History of the Chalukyas, the Karnataka rulers, can be classified into three eras: 1)  The early western era  (6th -8th century), the Chalukyas of Badami (vatapi); 2)  The later western era  (7th - 12th century), the Chalukyas of Kalyani; 3)  The eastern chalukya era  (7th - 12th century), the chalukyas of Vengi. 1)  Pulakesin I  (543-566) was the first independent ruler of Badami with Vatapi in Bijapur as his capital. 2 ) Kirthivarma I  (566-596) succeeded him at the throne. When he died, the heir to the throne, Prince Pulakesin II, was just a baby and so the king‘s brother, Mangalesha (597-610), was crowned the caretaker ruler. Over the years, he made many unsuccessful attempts to kill the prince but was ultimately killed himself by the prince and his friends. 3)  Pulakesin II  (610-642), the son of Pulakesin I, was a contemporary of Harshavardhana and th...
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Gupta Empire and it's Details

By Victor S. Fischer
Gupta Empire The start of Gupta Empire is considered by many historian from the reign of  Maharaja Shrigupta . Chandragupta-I  was the first powerful ruler of Gupta Empire and ascended the throne in 320 AD. The Gupta Period from 320 AD to 550 AD is also known as  the Golden Age of India . In the Gupta period India attained the peak of glory in every aspects starting from science, art, literature, mathematics, astronomy and philosophy. Emperors of Gupta Empire Shrigupta and Ghatotkacha. The reign of Maharaja Shrigupta (240 AD to 280 AD) is considered by many historians to be the starting point of Gupta Empire. Ghatotkacha succeeded his father Shrigupta and ruled from 280AD to 319 AD. Chandragupta I Chandragupta I  was the  son of Ghatotkacha  and succeeded his father. He was the first powerful king of the dynasty. He ruled the Empire from 320 AD to 335 AD. Chandragupta I adop...
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Major Defects of Indian Money Market

By Victor S. Fischer
Defects of Indian Money Market The main defects of the Indian money market are the following: 1. Narrow coverage: The organized banking system is still a very large component of the Indian money market. The  Indian banking system widely covers metropolitan cities and the towns. But, The organized sector of the banking system is conspicuous by its absence in many rural areas. This means that lower income groups in many rural areas still do not enjoy banking facilities. 2. Imbalance between demand and supply: The Indian money market is characterized by inadequate supply of short-term assets. This creates a peculiar situation. On the one hand banks with surplus funds cannot invest them profitably short period. On the other hand, those who require short-term funds are unable to raise them from the market at competitive rates. 3. Lack of co-ordination: There is hardly any co-ordination between the different segments of the money market. The reason in easy to find out. The different segments...
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banking terms

By Victor S. Fischer
  ✍️ CRR Cash Reserve Ratio is the minimum fraction of total deposits of a bank’s customers that banks have to hold as reserves with the central bank. ✍️ SLR Statutory Liquidity Ratio is the ratio of liquid assets to the net demand and time liabilities. ✍️ LAF Liquid Adjustment Facility is a tool to allow banks to borrow money through repurchase agreements. It consists of repo and reverse repo operations. ✍️ MSF Marginal Standing Facility allows scheduled banks to borrow funds overnight from RBI against approved government securities. ✍️ MSS Market Stabilization Scheme is a monetary policy intervention by RBI to withdraw excess liquidity by selling government securities in the economy. ✍️ OMO Open Market Operations refers to the buying and selling of government securities in the open market so as to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system. ✍️ REPO Repo...
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Dicipline

By Victor S. Fischer
 Introduction        To be guided by rules, to pay due regard to elders, and superior officers, to obey them and to behave in an orderly manner, all these come under the term discipline. Necessary in every walk of life Discipline is necessary in all walks of life. Whether at school or at home. In the office or in the factory, in the playground or in the battlefield, discipline is a necessary. Without discipline , there will be complete chaos and disorder. There will be no peace and progress. The very social structure will became Topsy-turvy.  This is why, so much stress is laid on discipline everywhere. How necessary in every walk of life In school , if the boys be indiscipline, it will be difficult for the teacher to manage the school. The boys themselves will learn nothing and the very purpose of education will be defeated. Similarly, if the subordinates do not obey their senior officers in offices and factories. It wil...
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