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banking terms

By Victor S. Fischer
  ✍️ CRR Cash Reserve Ratio is the minimum fraction of total deposits of a bank’s customers that banks have to hold as reserves with the central bank. ✍️ SLR Statutory Liquidity Ratio is the ratio of liquid assets to the net demand and time liabilities. ✍️ LAF Liquid Adjustment Facility is a tool to allow banks to borrow money through repurchase agreements. It consists of repo and reverse repo operations. ✍️ MSF Marginal Standing Facility allows scheduled banks to borrow funds overnight from RBI against approved government securities. ✍️ MSS Market Stabilization Scheme is a monetary policy intervention by RBI to withdraw excess liquidity by selling government securities in the economy. ✍️ OMO Open Market Operations refers to the buying and selling of government securities in the open market so as to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system. ✍️ REPO Repo...
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Important Constitutional Bodies

By Victor S. Fischer
A constitutional body or an institution is the one which is specifically mentioned in the text of the constitution either originally or by virtue of some amendment, whereas a non-constitutional body is the one which isn’t mentioned in the text of the constitution. ELECTION COMMISSION Article 324  of the Constitution mentions about the election commission mentioned in  part XV . The institution of Election Commission presently consists of the chief election commissioner and two other election commissioners, appointed by the President. They hold office for a term of  six years . The age of retirement is  65 years , whichever comes earlier. The first election commissioner of India was  Sukumar Sen. UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION Mentioned under articles  315 to 323  in  Part XIV  of the Constitution (Article 315 mentions about the public service commission for the union and the states). ...
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THE PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS

By Victor S. Fischer
THE PANCHAYATS The local self-government at the grass-root levels signifies the Panchayati Raj institutions. They were constitutionalized by 73rd and 74thconstitutional amendment acts 1992 respectively. In January 1957, the Government of India appointed a committee to examine the working of the Community Development Programme (1952) and the National Extension Service (1953) and to suggest measures for their better working. The chairman of this committee was  Balwant Rai G Mehta.  It was as per the recommendations of this committee that Panchayati Raj Institutions came up in India post-independence. Rajasthan  was the first state to establish Panchayati Raj. The scheme was inaugurated by the prime minister on October 2, 1959, in Nagaur district. Next was Andhra Pradesh, which too adopted the system in 1959. Gradually, more states followed. In December 1977, the Janata Government appointed a committee on Panchayati Raj institut...
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GOVERNOR, CHIEF MINISTER, STATE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS and STATE LEGISLATURE

By Victor S. Fischer
THE GOVERNOR The Governor is the  De   Jure  executive head at the state level. His position is analogous to that of the President at the centre. The Governor is appointed by the president. To be appointed as the Governor of any state or two or more states as person (a) Should be a citizen of India. (b) And should have attained 35 years of age. He should not hold any office of profit as well. Like the President, the governor is also entitled to a number of immunities and privileges. During his term of office, he is immune from any criminal proceedings, even in respect of his personal acts. The oath  - is administered by the chief justice of the corresponding state high court and in case he’s absent, the senior-most judge of that particular court. A governor holds office for a term of  five years  from the date on which he enters upon his office. He holds office until the pleasure of the President and he of...
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The Vice- President of India in the Indian Constitution

By Victor S. Fischer
The Vice-President of India (Important Articles covered: 63-71) Part V of the Constitution of India under Chapter I (Executive) also discusses the office of the Vice-President of India. The Vice-President of India is the second highest constitutional office in the country. Article 63:  The Vice-President of India There shall be a Vice-President of India. This article mentions about the CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICE of the VICE-PRESIDENT of India. As we shall see subsequently that the post was created to maintain a continuum in the hierarchy in Indian political system. The V.P does not have very major functions or powers as such. The post has been inspired by the Constitution of the U.S(QUESTION HAS BEEN ASKED) Article 64:   The Vice-President is to be an ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States. The Vice-President shall be ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States and shall not hold any other office of profit : This is ...
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Summary of the Making of the Indian Constitution

By Victor S. Fischer
It was  M.N Roy  who proposed the idea of an independent constituent assembly for India in 1934. The constituent assembly was formed as per the guidelines suggested by the Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946. The mission was headed by  Pethick Lawrence and included two other members apart from him –  Stafford Cripps  and  A.V Alexander . The total strength of the assembly was 389. However, after partition only 299 remained. It was partly elected and partly nominated body. The elections to form the assembly took place in July-August 1946 and the process was completed by November 1946. The first meeting of the assembly took place on  9 th  December 1946  and was attended by  211 members . Dr. Sachhidanand Sinha  became the temporary President of the assembly following the French practice. On 11 th  December 1946,  Dr. Rajendra Prasad  and  H.C Mukherji  were elected as President ...
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All About the constitution of India

By Victor S. Fischer
India is a federal union of states comprising  29  states  and  7  union territories  and possesses double of governments, one at the centre and one each in the states and Union Territories. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and further into smaller administrative divisions. The constitution of India was adopted and enacted by the constituent Assembly of India on  November 26, 1949  and it came into force in  January 26, 1950 . It is a written constitution. The following are the salient features of the constitution of India. One of the distinctive features of the constitution of India is its It is the most lengthy and detailed constitutional document any country has so far adopted. The original constitution contained as many as  395 Articles   and 12 Schedules , to which additions have been made by sub-sequent amendments. It lies down that India is a  Sovereign...
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The President of India in the Indian Constitution

By Victor S. Fischer
There shall be a President of India as per Article 52; President of India is the executive head of the Union of India. President of India is also the  Supreme Commander of the  Defense Forces . Office of the President of India  is Rashtrapati Bhavan Qualifications to become the President (Article 58)  A Candidate for the office of the President should have the following qualifications- He should be an Indian citizen. He should not be less than  35 years  of age. He should have qualifications for elections as a member of the House of the people. He should  not be holding any office of profit under any government  for local body. He should  not be a member of Parliament  or any State Legislature. A government servant or a servant of a local authority is, however, ineligible for election as President. Election of the President (Article 54, 55)  The el...
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Qualifications for being a member of Lok Sabha

By Victor S. Fischer
Lok Sabha is composed of representatives of the people chosen by direct election on the basis of the adult suffrage. The maximum strength of the House envisaged by the constitution is 552, which made up by election up to 530 members to represent the States, up to 20 members to represent the Union Territories and not more than two members of Anglo- Indian Community to be nominated by the Hon’ble President, if, in his/her opinion, that community is not adequately represented in the House.  The total elective membership is distributed among the States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the Population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States. Qualifications for being a member of Lok Sabha The qualifying age for membership of Lok Sabha is 25 years. He / She should be  a citizen of India. He/ She possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that ...
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Prime Minister & its Council of Ministers

By Victor S. Fischer
In the Parliamentary system of Government, the Prime minister is the  real executive  (de facto executive) and head of the government. Since 1947, India has had 14 Prime ministers. Appointment:  The Constitution  does not contain  any specific procedure on the appointment procedure of the Prime minister. The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party or alliance that has a majority in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's Parliament. The Prime minister is sworn in by the President of India. The President administers the Oath of Office and Oath of Secrecy to the Prime Minister. Article 74:  There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice. The President has discretionary powers when no party commands a majority in the lower house or when a Prime minister in office dies suddenly and ...
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Age Limits in Indian Constitution

By Victor S. Fischer
65 years upper age limit for appointment as a judge of Supreme Court (Article 124) Attorney General ( Article 76 (1)) Comptroller General ( Article 148) member of Public Service Commission ( Articles 315 to 323 of Part XIV) 62 years upper age limit for appointment as a judge of High court ( Article 141) Advocate General ( Article 165) member of State Commission 35 years minimum age for election to the post of President( Article 52) Vice-President ( Article 63) Governor ( for each state) Articles 153 of the Constitution of India). 30 year minimum age for election of MP (Rajya Sabha) MLC 25 years minimum age for election of MP (Lok Sabha) MLA 21 years minimum marriageable age for a male 18 years minimum marriageable age for  a female. 14 years minimum age limit for employment in a factory ...
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THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS (12-35)

By Victor S. Fischer
Fundamental Rights are most important characteristics of the Constitution. Fundamental Rights are considered to be essential for the proper moral and material uplift of people. These rights are fundamental in the sense that any law passed by the legislature in the country would be declared as null and void if it is derogatory to the rights guaranteed by the constitution. If any of these rights are violated, the individual affected is entitled to move the Supreme Court or High Court for the protection and enforcement of his rights. The rights are not absolute and can be curtailed during an emergency.  THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS (12-35) 1. Fundamental Rights have been described as the  Magna Carta  of India. 2. The concept has been taken from the US’ bill of rights. Earliest known evidence of rights was also present in ancient India, Iran etc. 3. The Fundamental Rights are named so because they are guaranteed and protected by the Constitution, which is the ...
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All about the Directive Principles of the State Policy

By Victor S. Fischer
Principles of the State Policy 1. They have been mentioned in Part-4 and cover articles from 36-51 of the Constitution of India. 2. Called as  Novel Features  of the Constitution. 3. Inspired by the Irish constitution. 4. Similar to the Instruments of Instructions mentioned in the Government of India Act, 1935. 5. Together with fundamental rights they are termed as the  conscience of the constitution . 6. ‘Directive Principles of State Policy’ denotes the ideals that the State should keep in mind while formulating policies and enacting laws. These are the constitutional instructions or recommendations to the State in legislative, executive and administrative matters. 7. The DPSPs constitute a very comprehensive economic, social and political programme for a modern democratic State. They aim at realizing the high ideals of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as outlined in the Preamble to the Constitution. They embody the concept of a ‘ welfa...
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Popular Posts

Blood safety and availability

By Victor S. Fischer
Blood is needed every two seconds. Hospitals need blood for people who are injured, who undergo surgical procedures, organ transplants, cancer treatments, and treatment for other diseases that affect blood like sickle cell anemia and thalami. Blood can save life.    But the baddest side  is that  ability of blood is more less than in worldwide and if there where is blood that is quietly not safe due to improperly store and more reason.so I am presenting you the report of  WHO report of Blood safety and  availability .. Key Fact Of the 112.5 million blood donations collected globally, approximately half of these are collected in the high-income countries, home to 19% of the world’s population. In low-income countries, up to 65% of blood transfusions are given to children under 5 years of age; whereas in high-income countries, the most frequently transfused patient group is over 65 years of age, accounting for up to 76% of all transfusions. The blood donation rate in high-income countrie...
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Question and Answers on GST

By Victor S. Fischer
Question No.1: What kind of Taxes will GST replace? Central Excise Tax Service Tax Entertainment Tax All the types of taxes Answer:  GST will remove or replace all the types of taxes that will include Entry Tax, Luxury Tax, Purchase Tax, Octrol, Service Tax, Central Excise Tax etc on goods and services. Question No: 2 What does G stands for in GST? General Global Goods Great Answer:   G in GST stands for Goods and Service Tax Bill Question No: 3 What is GST officially called? GST is also known as The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Second Amendment) Bill, 2014 Question No: 4 To what percent there will be economic growth in the country with the help of GST? The economic growth will be 1- 1.5% per year Question No: 5   What industries will GST benefit? GST will benefit Trade and agriculture industry the most Question No: 6 Will GST benefit Importers OR Exporters? GST will benefit exporters more than importers. Question No: 7 Which areas will be benefitted more by GST? GST will be mo...
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GST (Goods & Services Tax) : Details & Benefits (In INDIA)

By Victor S. Fischer
The present structure of Indirect Taxes is very complex in India. There are so many types of taxes that are levied by the Central and State Governments on Goods & Services. We have to pay ‘Entertainment Tax’ for watching a movie. We have to pay Value Added Tax (VAT) on purchasing goods & services. And there are Excise duties, Import Duties, Luxury Tax, Central Sales Tax, Service Tax.....😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭 Intro It has been long pending issue to streamline all the different types of indirect taxes and implement a “single taxation” system. This system is called as GST ( GST is the abbreviated form of Goods & Services Tax). The main expectation from this system is to abolish all indirect taxes and only GST would be levied. As the name suggests, the GST will be levied both on Goods and Services. GST was first introduced during 2007-08 budget session. On 17th December 2014, the current Union Cabinet ministry approved the proposal for introduction GST Constitutional Amendment Bil...
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