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banking terms

By Victor S. Fischer
  ✍️ CRR Cash Reserve Ratio is the minimum fraction of total deposits of a bank’s customers that banks have to hold as reserves with the central bank. ✍️ SLR Statutory Liquidity Ratio is the ratio of liquid assets to the net demand and time liabilities. ✍️ LAF Liquid Adjustment Facility is a tool to allow banks to borrow money through repurchase agreements. It consists of repo and reverse repo operations. ✍️ MSF Marginal Standing Facility allows scheduled banks to borrow funds overnight from RBI against approved government securities. ✍️ MSS Market Stabilization Scheme is a monetary policy intervention by RBI to withdraw excess liquidity by selling government securities in the economy. ✍️ OMO Open Market Operations refers to the buying and selling of government securities in the open market so as to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system. ✍️ REPO Repo...
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Lengthy Constitution

By Victor S. Fischer
Indian Constitution has 395 Articles and 12 Schedules. It was framed by a Constituent Assembly which was established for the purpose in 1946. The Constitution of India is the lengthiest constitution in the world as no other constitution contains as many articles. The constitution of USA has 7 Articles, China 138, Japanese 103 and Canadian 107 Articles. India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic and Republic State The Constitution declares India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic. Sovereign  means absolutely independent, it is not under the control of any other state. Socialist  involves a system which will endeavour to avoid concentration of wealth in a few hands and will assure its equitable distribution. It also implies that India is against exploitation in all forms and believes in economic justice to all its citizens. Secular  means there is no state religion in India. Every citizen is free to ...
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The President of India in the Indian Constitution

By Victor S. Fischer
(1) Article 52 –  There shall be a President of India (2) Article 53 –  Executive power of the Union: The executive power shall be vested in the President and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers’ sub-ordinate to him. (3)He is the supreme commander of the defence forces in India. (4)Though he’s only the constitutional head, or titular head, de  jure head  or nominal executive or just a symbolic head. Election of the President 1. The President shall be elected by the members of an ELECTORAL COLLEGE consisting of:       (a)The ELECTED MPs       (b)The ELECTED MLAs of the states       (c)The ELECTED MLAs of National Capital territory of Delhi (added by 70 th  Amendment Act, 1992 and with effect from 1-06-1995) and Union territory of Puducherry. 2. Thus, nominated members of parliament and legislative assemblies and membe...
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Important Constitutional Bodies

By Victor S. Fischer
A constitutional body or an institution is the one which is specifically mentioned in the text of the constitution either originally or by virtue of some amendment, whereas a non-constitutional body is the one which isn’t mentioned in the text of the constitution. ELECTION COMMISSION Article 324  of the Constitution mentions about the election commission mentioned in  part XV . The institution of Election Commission presently consists of the chief election commissioner and two other election commissioners, appointed by the President. They hold office for a term of  six years . The age of retirement is  65 years , whichever comes earlier. The first election commissioner of India was  Sukumar Sen. UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION Mentioned under articles  315 to 323  in  Part XIV  of the Constitution (Article 315 mentions about the public service commission for the union and the states). ...
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THE PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS

By Victor S. Fischer
THE PANCHAYATS The local self-government at the grass-root levels signifies the Panchayati Raj institutions. They were constitutionalized by 73rd and 74thconstitutional amendment acts 1992 respectively. In January 1957, the Government of India appointed a committee to examine the working of the Community Development Programme (1952) and the National Extension Service (1953) and to suggest measures for their better working. The chairman of this committee was  Balwant Rai G Mehta.  It was as per the recommendations of this committee that Panchayati Raj Institutions came up in India post-independence. Rajasthan  was the first state to establish Panchayati Raj. The scheme was inaugurated by the prime minister on October 2, 1959, in Nagaur district. Next was Andhra Pradesh, which too adopted the system in 1959. Gradually, more states followed. In December 1977, the Janata Government appointed a committee on Panchayati Raj institut...
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GOVERNOR, CHIEF MINISTER, STATE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS and STATE LEGISLATURE

By Victor S. Fischer
THE GOVERNOR The Governor is the  De   Jure  executive head at the state level. His position is analogous to that of the President at the centre. The Governor is appointed by the president. To be appointed as the Governor of any state or two or more states as person (a) Should be a citizen of India. (b) And should have attained 35 years of age. He should not hold any office of profit as well. Like the President, the governor is also entitled to a number of immunities and privileges. During his term of office, he is immune from any criminal proceedings, even in respect of his personal acts. The oath  - is administered by the chief justice of the corresponding state high court and in case he’s absent, the senior-most judge of that particular court. A governor holds office for a term of  five years  from the date on which he enters upon his office. He holds office until the pleasure of the President and he of...
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The Vice- President of India in the Indian Constitution

By Victor S. Fischer
The Vice-President of India (Important Articles covered: 63-71) Part V of the Constitution of India under Chapter I (Executive) also discusses the office of the Vice-President of India. The Vice-President of India is the second highest constitutional office in the country. Article 63:  The Vice-President of India There shall be a Vice-President of India. This article mentions about the CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICE of the VICE-PRESIDENT of India. As we shall see subsequently that the post was created to maintain a continuum in the hierarchy in Indian political system. The V.P does not have very major functions or powers as such. The post has been inspired by the Constitution of the U.S(QUESTION HAS BEEN ASKED) Article 64:   The Vice-President is to be an ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States. The Vice-President shall be ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States and shall not hold any other office of profit : This is ...
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Summary of the Making of the Indian Constitution

By Victor S. Fischer
It was  M.N Roy  who proposed the idea of an independent constituent assembly for India in 1934. The constituent assembly was formed as per the guidelines suggested by the Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946. The mission was headed by  Pethick Lawrence and included two other members apart from him –  Stafford Cripps  and  A.V Alexander . The total strength of the assembly was 389. However, after partition only 299 remained. It was partly elected and partly nominated body. The elections to form the assembly took place in July-August 1946 and the process was completed by November 1946. The first meeting of the assembly took place on  9 th  December 1946  and was attended by  211 members . Dr. Sachhidanand Sinha  became the temporary President of the assembly following the French practice. On 11 th  December 1946,  Dr. Rajendra Prasad  and  H.C Mukherji  were elected as President ...
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THE PARLIAMENT (ARTICLES 79-122)

By Victor S. Fischer
The Organization of the Parliament The Parliament consists of the President, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. Lok Sabha is the Lower House (First Chamber or Popular House) and Rajya Sabha is the Upper House (Second Chamber or House of Elders). The Composition of Rajya Sabha The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is fixed at 250, out of which, 238 are to be the representatives of the states and union territories (elected indirectly) and 12 are nominated by the president. At present, the Rajya Sabha has  245  members. Of these, 229 members represent the states, 4 members represent the union territories and 12 members are nominated by the president. The Fourth Schedule of the Constitution deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the states and union territories. The representatives of states in the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of state legislative assemblies. The seats are allotted to the...
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Overview, Brief History, and Development Of Indian Constitution

By Victor S. Fischer
The British administration can broadly be divided into two phases, that is The Company Administration (1773-1857) The Crown Administration (1858-1947) The following are the important Acts, regulations and developments which eventually led to the development of the present-day Indian polity. The Company Administration Regulating Act - 1773 (1) The post of 'GOVERNOR' was now made 'GOVERNOR-GENERAL' and Bengal was the first province to have Warren Hastings as the first Governor-General. He was assisted by an executive council of four members. (2) The Supreme Court at Calcutta was established with one chief justice and three other judges. Sir Elijah Impey was the Chief Justice. Pitt’s India Act – 1784 (1) Created another body- ‘BOARD OF CONTROL’ to manage political affairs in India. COURT OF DIRECTORS kept on managing commercial affairs though. (2) Thus, companies’ possessions were for the first ti...
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Idioms and phrases part II

By Victor S. Fischer
26. Eat, sleep and breathe something - Meaning -  Being so enthusiastic and passionate about somehting that you think about it all the time. Example -  My son has recently learnt cycling. He eats, sleeps and breathes it now. 27. With bells on - Meaning -  When you are delighted and eager to go somewhere, you are said to go with bells on. Example -  The new year party at the beach is most awaited. I will be there - with bells on. 28. Fever pitch - Meaning -  When a feeling is very intense and exciting, it is said to be at a fever pitch. Example -  His love for music had reached a fever pitch before he became a world known musician. 29. Blood, sweat and tears - Meaning -  Something that requires a lot of effort and hard work. Example -  Being the team of Indian cricket team is not just a matter of luck for him, it is his blood, sweat and tears which has got him here. 30. Have on the brain - Meaning -  Thinking or talking about it all day long. Example -  He has just got engaged. Now, he ...
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Blood safety and availability

By Victor S. Fischer
Blood is needed every two seconds. Hospitals need blood for people who are injured, who undergo surgical procedures, organ transplants, cancer treatments, and treatment for other diseases that affect blood like sickle cell anemia and thalami. Blood can save life.    But the baddest side  is that  ability of blood is more less than in worldwide and if there where is blood that is quietly not safe due to improperly store and more reason.so I am presenting you the report of  WHO report of Blood safety and  availability .. Key Fact Of the 112.5 million blood donations collected globally, approximately half of these are collected in the high-income countries, home to 19% of the world’s population. In low-income countries, up to 65% of blood transfusions are given to children under 5 years of age; whereas in high-income countries, the most frequently transfused patient group is over 65 years of age, accounting for up to 76% of all transfusions. The blood donation rate in high-income countrie...
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Idioms and phrases...

By Victor S. Fischer
1. Acid Test: Meaning -  Acid test proves the effectiveness of something. Example -  I practiced hard at the dance sessions but the acid test will come when the master will assess our solo performances. 2. Cut the ground from under feet : Meaning -  When you cut the ground from under someone's feet, you do something which weakens their position. Example -  When team India hit more than 350 runs in the ODI, they cut the ground from under the opponent's feet. 3. Chase your tail: Meaning -  Spending a lot of time and energy doing a lot of things but actually achieving too little. Example -  He's been chasing his tail all week collecting data but the report is still not ready 4. Whole bag of tricks - Meaning -  Means trying all the clever means to achieve something. Example -  It was really difficult to find the information even after applying the whole bag of tricks. 5. Deliver the goods - Meaning -  Do what is expected or promised. Example -  I have given my car to a new mech...
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