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banking terms

By Victor S. Fischer
  ✍️ CRR Cash Reserve Ratio is the minimum fraction of total deposits of a bank’s customers that banks have to hold as reserves with the central bank. ✍️ SLR Statutory Liquidity Ratio is the ratio of liquid assets to the net demand and time liabilities. ✍️ LAF Liquid Adjustment Facility is a tool to allow banks to borrow money through repurchase agreements. It consists of repo and reverse repo operations. ✍️ MSF Marginal Standing Facility allows scheduled banks to borrow funds overnight from RBI against approved government securities. ✍️ MSS Market Stabilization Scheme is a monetary policy intervention by RBI to withdraw excess liquidity by selling government securities in the economy. ✍️ OMO Open Market Operations refers to the buying and selling of government securities in the open market so as to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system. ✍️ REPO Repo...
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The President of India in the Indian Constitution

By Victor S. Fischer
(1) Article 52 –  There shall be a President of India (2) Article 53 –  Executive power of the Union: The executive power shall be vested in the President and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers’ sub-ordinate to him. (3)He is the supreme commander of the defence forces in India. (4)Though he’s only the constitutional head, or titular head, de  jure head  or nominal executive or just a symbolic head. Election of the President 1. The President shall be elected by the members of an ELECTORAL COLLEGE consisting of:       (a)The ELECTED MPs       (b)The ELECTED MLAs of the states       (c)The ELECTED MLAs of National Capital territory of Delhi (added by 70 th  Amendment Act, 1992 and with effect from 1-06-1995) and Union territory of Puducherry. 2. Thus, nominated members of parliament and legislative assemblies and membe...
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THE PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS

By Victor S. Fischer
THE PANCHAYATS The local self-government at the grass-root levels signifies the Panchayati Raj institutions. They were constitutionalized by 73rd and 74thconstitutional amendment acts 1992 respectively. In January 1957, the Government of India appointed a committee to examine the working of the Community Development Programme (1952) and the National Extension Service (1953) and to suggest measures for their better working. The chairman of this committee was  Balwant Rai G Mehta.  It was as per the recommendations of this committee that Panchayati Raj Institutions came up in India post-independence. Rajasthan  was the first state to establish Panchayati Raj. The scheme was inaugurated by the prime minister on October 2, 1959, in Nagaur district. Next was Andhra Pradesh, which too adopted the system in 1959. Gradually, more states followed. In December 1977, the Janata Government appointed a committee on Panchayati Raj institut...
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The Vice- President of India in the Indian Constitution

By Victor S. Fischer
The Vice-President of India (Important Articles covered: 63-71) Part V of the Constitution of India under Chapter I (Executive) also discusses the office of the Vice-President of India. The Vice-President of India is the second highest constitutional office in the country. Article 63:  The Vice-President of India There shall be a Vice-President of India. This article mentions about the CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICE of the VICE-PRESIDENT of India. As we shall see subsequently that the post was created to maintain a continuum in the hierarchy in Indian political system. The V.P does not have very major functions or powers as such. The post has been inspired by the Constitution of the U.S(QUESTION HAS BEEN ASKED) Article 64:   The Vice-President is to be an ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States. The Vice-President shall be ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States and shall not hold any other office of profit : This is ...
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THE PARLIAMENT (ARTICLES 79-122)

By Victor S. Fischer
The Organization of the Parliament The Parliament consists of the President, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. Lok Sabha is the Lower House (First Chamber or Popular House) and Rajya Sabha is the Upper House (Second Chamber or House of Elders). The Composition of Rajya Sabha The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is fixed at 250, out of which, 238 are to be the representatives of the states and union territories (elected indirectly) and 12 are nominated by the president. At present, the Rajya Sabha has  245  members. Of these, 229 members represent the states, 4 members represent the union territories and 12 members are nominated by the president. The Fourth Schedule of the Constitution deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the states and union territories. The representatives of states in the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of state legislative assemblies. The seats are allotted to the...
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Overview, Brief History, and Development Of Indian Constitution

By Victor S. Fischer
The British administration can broadly be divided into two phases, that is The Company Administration (1773-1857) The Crown Administration (1858-1947) The following are the important Acts, regulations and developments which eventually led to the development of the present-day Indian polity. The Company Administration Regulating Act - 1773 (1) The post of 'GOVERNOR' was now made 'GOVERNOR-GENERAL' and Bengal was the first province to have Warren Hastings as the first Governor-General. He was assisted by an executive council of four members. (2) The Supreme Court at Calcutta was established with one chief justice and three other judges. Sir Elijah Impey was the Chief Justice. Pitt’s India Act – 1784 (1) Created another body- ‘BOARD OF CONTROL’ to manage political affairs in India. COURT OF DIRECTORS kept on managing commercial affairs though. (2) Thus, companies’ possessions were for the first ti...
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Important Points to Remember about Constituent Assembly of India

By Victor S. Fischer
The idea for a Constituent Assembly for drafting a constitution for India was first provided by  Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1895.  In 1934, the demand for a constituent assembly was raised for the first time, which later became an  Official Demand in 1935 . This demand  was accepted in August 1940  offer by the British. The constituent assembly was formed on the recommendation of the Cabinet Mission which visited India in 1946 The first meeting of Constituent Assembly was held on December 9, 1946— its temporary president was  Dr    Sacchidanand Sinha The second meeting was held on  December 11, 1946.  Its president  was Dr Rajendra Prasad. The Objectives Resolution was passed under the chairmanship of J.L. Nehru.on 13 December 1946. The Draft of Indian Constitution was presented in  October 1947 . President of the Drafting Committee was  Bhim Rao Ambedkar The total time consumed to prep...
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All About the constitution of India

By Victor S. Fischer
India is a federal union of states comprising  29  states  and  7  union territories  and possesses double of governments, one at the centre and one each in the states and Union Territories. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and further into smaller administrative divisions. The constitution of India was adopted and enacted by the constituent Assembly of India on  November 26, 1949  and it came into force in  January 26, 1950 . It is a written constitution. The following are the salient features of the constitution of India. One of the distinctive features of the constitution of India is its It is the most lengthy and detailed constitutional document any country has so far adopted. The original constitution contained as many as  395 Articles   and 12 Schedules , to which additions have been made by sub-sequent amendments. It lies down that India is a  Sovereign...
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The President of India in the Indian Constitution

By Victor S. Fischer
There shall be a President of India as per Article 52; President of India is the executive head of the Union of India. President of India is also the  Supreme Commander of the  Defense Forces . Office of the President of India  is Rashtrapati Bhavan Qualifications to become the President (Article 58)  A Candidate for the office of the President should have the following qualifications- He should be an Indian citizen. He should not be less than  35 years  of age. He should have qualifications for elections as a member of the House of the people. He should  not be holding any office of profit under any government  for local body. He should  not be a member of Parliament  or any State Legislature. A government servant or a servant of a local authority is, however, ineligible for election as President. Election of the President (Article 54, 55)  The el...
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Qualifications for being a member of Lok Sabha

By Victor S. Fischer
Lok Sabha is composed of representatives of the people chosen by direct election on the basis of the adult suffrage. The maximum strength of the House envisaged by the constitution is 552, which made up by election up to 530 members to represent the States, up to 20 members to represent the Union Territories and not more than two members of Anglo- Indian Community to be nominated by the Hon’ble President, if, in his/her opinion, that community is not adequately represented in the House.  The total elective membership is distributed among the States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the Population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States. Qualifications for being a member of Lok Sabha The qualifying age for membership of Lok Sabha is 25 years. He / She should be  a citizen of India. He/ She possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that ...
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Prime Minister & its Council of Ministers

By Victor S. Fischer
In the Parliamentary system of Government, the Prime minister is the  real executive  (de facto executive) and head of the government. Since 1947, India has had 14 Prime ministers. Appointment:  The Constitution  does not contain  any specific procedure on the appointment procedure of the Prime minister. The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party or alliance that has a majority in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's Parliament. The Prime minister is sworn in by the President of India. The President administers the Oath of Office and Oath of Secrecy to the Prime Minister. Article 74:  There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice. The President has discretionary powers when no party commands a majority in the lower house or when a Prime minister in office dies suddenly and ...
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All about the Directive Principles of the State Policy

By Victor S. Fischer
Principles of the State Policy 1. They have been mentioned in Part-4 and cover articles from 36-51 of the Constitution of India. 2. Called as  Novel Features  of the Constitution. 3. Inspired by the Irish constitution. 4. Similar to the Instruments of Instructions mentioned in the Government of India Act, 1935. 5. Together with fundamental rights they are termed as the  conscience of the constitution . 6. ‘Directive Principles of State Policy’ denotes the ideals that the State should keep in mind while formulating policies and enacting laws. These are the constitutional instructions or recommendations to the State in legislative, executive and administrative matters. 7. The DPSPs constitute a very comprehensive economic, social and political programme for a modern democratic State. They aim at realizing the high ideals of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as outlined in the Preamble to the Constitution. They embody the concept of a ‘ welfa...
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Popular Posts

Blood safety and availability

By Victor S. Fischer
Blood is needed every two seconds. Hospitals need blood for people who are injured, who undergo surgical procedures, organ transplants, cancer treatments, and treatment for other diseases that affect blood like sickle cell anemia and thalami. Blood can save life.    But the baddest side  is that  ability of blood is more less than in worldwide and if there where is blood that is quietly not safe due to improperly store and more reason.so I am presenting you the report of  WHO report of Blood safety and  availability .. Key Fact Of the 112.5 million blood donations collected globally, approximately half of these are collected in the high-income countries, home to 19% of the world’s population. In low-income countries, up to 65% of blood transfusions are given to children under 5 years of age; whereas in high-income countries, the most frequently transfused patient group is over 65 years of age, accounting for up to 76% of all transfusions. The blood donation rate in high-income countrie...
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Important Awards And Its Related Sectors

By Victor S. Fischer
🎖🏆🎑🏅🎗🎖🏆🎑🏅🎖🏆🎑🏅🎗🎖🏆🎗 1. Nobel prize  -  Peace , Literature , Economics, physics , Chemistry , Medical science 2. Lenin Peace Prize -   Peace Friendship 3. Grammy Awards  -  Music 4. Man Booker prize  -  Authors of Novels 5. Tansen Award  -  Music 6. Pulitzer Prize -   Journalism , Literature , Music 7. Ashok Chakra  -   Civilian awards 8. Dhanvantri Award -   Medical Sciences 9. Kalinga  -  Science 10. Lalit Kala Akademi Award  -  Arts 11. Kalidas Samman -   Classical Music , Classical Dance , Arts 12. Magsaysay -   Public Service , Leadership , Journalism , Literature and creative arts and international understanding 13. Bowelay  Award   -  Agriculture 14. Sangeet-Natak Akademi Award ...
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Atmosphere

By Victor S. Fischer
An  atmosphere  is a layer of gases surrounding a planet or other material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body. A tmosphere The envelope of air that completely surrounds the earth is known as atmosphere. The atmosphere extends to about 1000 km from the surface of the earth. But 99% of the total mass of the atmosphere is found within 32 km. This is because the atmosphere is held by the  gravitational pull of the earth . Composition of the Atmosphere (i)  Nitrogen - 78% (ii)  Oxygen - 21% (iii)  Argon -0.93% (iv)  Carbondioxide - 0.03% (v) Neon - 0.0018% (vi)  Helium - 0.0005% (vii)  Ozone - 0.0006% (viii)  Hydrogen - 0.00005% Carbon dioxide is present in small quantity in the atmosphere It is an important constituent of air because it has the ability to absorb heat and thus keep the atmosphere war...
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