✍️ CRR Cash Reserve Ratio is the minimum fraction of total deposits of a bank’s customers that banks have to hold as reserves with the central bank. ✍️ SLR Statutory Liquidity Ratio is the ratio of liquid assets to the net demand and time liabilities. ✍️ LAF Liquid Adjustment Facility is a tool to allow banks to borrow money through repurchase agreements. It consists of repo and reverse repo operations. ✍️ MSF Marginal Standing Facility allows scheduled banks to borrow funds overnight from RBI against approved government securities. ✍️ MSS Market Stabilization Scheme is a monetary policy intervention by RBI to withdraw excess liquidity by selling government securities in the economy. ✍️ OMO Open Market Operations refers to the buying and selling of government securities in the open market so as to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system. ✍️ REPO Repo stands for Repurchase agreement where a seller of a security agrees to buy it back from a buyer at a
Two major dynasties of India, the Maurya Empire (321 BC- 185 BC) and Gupta Empire (240 BC-550 AD), were originated from Magadha.
Apart from Maurya and Gupta dynasties, there were other dynasties which were started from Magadha,
Haryanka dynasty (544-413 BC)
Shishunaga dynasty (413-345 BC)
Nanda dynasty (424-321 BC)
Haryanka dynasty:-
Haryanka is the name of a new dynasty founded in Magadha by Bimbisara.
Bimbisara founded the dynasty by defeating the Brihadrathas.
Bimbisara was a contemporary of Buddha.
Pataliputra and Rajagriha were the capitals of Magadhan kingdom. Magadha falls in the Patna region of Bihar.
Shishunaga Dynasty:-
Haryankas were overthrown by Sisunaga and he founded the Sisunaga dynasty there.
Kalasoka the son and successor of Sisunaga was succeeded by Mahapadma Nanda and he founded the Nanda dynasty.
Ajatasatru’s successor Udayin was the founder of the city of Pataliputra.
Nanda Dynasty:-
The Nanda Empire was an ancient Indian dynasty originated from Magadha and was established in 424 BC.
Mahapadma Nanda was the founder and the first king of the Nanda dynasty.
He overthrew the Magadha dynasty and established the new Empire.
Initially Nanda Dynast inherited a large kingdom of Magadha and subsequently, the boundaries of Nanda Dynasty were expanded in all directions by its rulers.
Nandas formed a vast army, including 200000 infantry, 20000 cavalry, 2000 war chariots and 3000 war elephants.
At its peak, the Nanda Empire expanded from Bengal in the east to Punjab in the west.
In the southern side it extended to the Vindhya Range.
Dhana Nanda was the last ruler of Nanda Dynasty.
In 321 BC, Chandragupta Maurya defeated him and founded the Maurya Empire.
MAURYAN DYNASTY (321 – 185 BC):-
List of Mauryan Emperors:
Chandragupta Maurya (321 BC-298 BC)
Bindusara (298 BC-272 BC)
Ashoka Maurya (269-232 BC)
Dasaratha Maurya
Samprati
Salisuka
Devvarman
Satadhanvan
Brihadratha Maurya
Origin of Mauryan Empire:-
The Mauryan Empire started from Magadha was founded in 321 BC by Chandragupta Maurya.
Pataliputra, the modern day Patna was the capitalcity of Mauryan Empire.
Expansion of Mauryan Empire:-
Mauryan Empire was one of the world's largestempires of that time and expanded to an area of 5,000,000 km2.
Ashoka:-
Ashoka ascended the throne in 273BC and ruled up to 232 BC. He was known as ‘Devanampriya Priyadarshini the
beautiful one who was the beloved of Gods.
He was known as ‘Devanampriya priyadarsi the beautiful one who was the beloved of Gods.
Ashoka fought the Kalinga war in 261 BC Kalinga is in modern Orissa. Ashokan inscriptions were deciphered by James Princep.
After the battle of Kalinga Ashoka became a Buddhist, being shocked by the horrors of the war.
Ashoka was initiated to Buddhism by Upagupta or Nigrodha a disciple of Buddha
For the propagation of Buddhism Ashoka started the institution of Dharmamahamatras.
The IV Major Rock Edict of Ashoka tells about the practice of Dharma
The Major Rock Edict XII of Ashoka deals with the conquest of Kalinga.
Ashoka held the third Buddhist council at his capital Pataliputra in 250BC under the presidentship of Moggaliputa Tissa.
He sent his son and daughter to Sri Lanka for the spread of Buddhism (Mahendra and Sanghamitra)
Ashoka spread Buddhism to SriLanka and Nepal. He is known as the Constantine of Buddhism.
In his Kalinga Edict, he mentions ‘‘All man are as my children’’.
Ceylon ruler Devanmpriya Tissa was Ashoka’s first convert to Buddhism. Ashoka ruled for 40 years and died in 232 BC.
The emblem of the Indian Republic has been adopted from the four lion capital of one of Ashoka's pillars which are located in Sarnath.
Rock-cut architecture in India made a beginning during Ashoka’s reign.
Chanakya the architect of Mauryan Empire:-
Chanakya, also known as Kautilya was the teacher of Chandragupta Maurya.
He was originally a teacher of Takshashila University.
He is considered to be the main architect in the establishment of the Maurya Empire by defeating the powerful Nanda Empire.
His original name was Vishnugupta.
Important points about Mauryan Empire:-
Major sources for the study of Mauryan Empire are the Arthasastra of Kautilya and Indika ofMegasthenes.
Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of Mauryan Empire. It is also said that his mother was Mura women of lower birth hence got the name Maurya.
Chandragupta Maurya was converted to Jainism, abdicated the throne in favour of his son Bindusara, passed his last days at Sravanabelagola (Near Mysore) where he died in 298 BC.
Bindusara was a follower of Ajivika sect.
Bindusara was known as Amitragatha.
Megasthenese the first foreign traveller to India mentions the existence of seven castes in India during the Mauryan period. Stanika in Mauryan administration refers to the tax collector.
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