✍️ CRR Cash Reserve Ratio is the minimum fraction of total deposits of a bank’s customers that banks have to hold as reserves with the central bank. ✍️ SLR Statutory Liquidity Ratio is the ratio of liquid assets to the net demand and time liabilities. ✍️ LAF Liquid Adjustment Facility is a tool to allow banks to borrow money through repurchase agreements. It consists of repo and reverse repo operations. ✍️ MSF Marginal Standing Facility allows scheduled banks to borrow funds overnight from RBI against approved government securities. ✍️ MSS Market Stabilization Scheme is a monetary policy intervention by RBI to withdraw excess liquidity by selling government securities in the economy. ✍️ OMO Open Market Operations refers to the buying and selling of government securities in the open market so as to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system. ✍️ REPO Repo...
Banking System and its Structures
Money Market
In this borrowing and lending of funds take place up to 1 years.
It is used for short-term credit.
It includes Reserve Bank of India, Commercial Banks, Cooperative Banks, Regional Rural Banks, Some NBFC’s etc.
The composition of Money Market
Indian Money market consists of organised sector and unorganised sector.
1. Organised Sector-
It is also divided into two categories-
a. Banking
b. Sub Markets
a. Banking-
In this, we include Commercial Banks, Regional Rural Banks, and Cooperative Banks.
Commercial Banks-
Regulated under Banking Regulation act 1949.
They can accept deposits, can provide loans and other financial services to earn profit.
Commercial Banks consists of- Public Sector Banksand Private Sector Banks.
(i) Public Sector Banks-
In these Banks majority of shares (more than 50 %) are held by Government.
Currently, in India, there are 21 Public sector banks after the merger of SBI with their associate banks and Bhartiya Mahila Bank (BMB).
The Nationalisation of Banks was done by government in two stages-
The first stage of nationalization took place in July 1969, in which fourteen Banks were nationalized.
The second stage of nationalization of Banks took place in April 1980, in which 6 banks were nationalized.
Objectives of Nationalization of Banks-
1. Reducing Private Monopolies
2. Social Welfare
3. Expansion of Banking Facilities
4.Focus on Priority Sector Lending
(ii) Private Sector Banks-
In these Banks, majority parts of share are not held by the government.
These banks consist of both Indian Banks as well as foreign banks.
Private banks which were set up before 1990 (liberalisation of the economy) are categorised as Old Banks.
Private banks which were set up after 1990 (liberalisation of the economy) are categorised as New Banks.
Local Area Banks- Private Banks which are allowed to operate in the limited area called local area banks and registered under the companies act, 1956. The minimum capital required for these are Rs. 5 crores.
(iii) Small Finance Banks-
(iv) Payment Banks-
Regional Rural Banks-
Established under RRB Act, 1976.
Set up by Public Sector Banks.
The objective is to increase credit flow to rural areas.
After Kelkar committee’s recommendations in April 1987, no new RRBs have been opened.
Cooperative Banks-
Established with the aim of funding agriculture, cottage industries etc.
Deposits and lending Both activities can do.
NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural development) is the apex body of the cooperative sector in India.
Composition of Cooperative Banks-
1. Rural Cooperative Credit Institutions
(a) Short Term Structure-
Lend up to one year.
It is divided into three-tiered setup-
(i) State Cooperative Bank-
Apex body for cooperative banks in the state.
(ii) Central or District Cooperative Banks-
Operate at the district level.
(iii) Primary Agriculture Credit Societies-
Operate at the village level.
(b) Long-Term Structure-
Lend for more than one year to twenty-five years.
It is divided into two-tiered setup-
(i) State Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks and
(ii) Primary Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Developments Banks
2. Urban Cooperative Credit Institutions
Set up in urban and semi-urban areas.
Lend to small businesses and borrowers.
Classification of Banks based on schedule of RBI Act 1934-
All banks (Commercial Banks, RRB, Cooperative Banks) can be classified into scheduled and non-scheduled banks.
1. Scheduled Banks-
Banks those are listed in the second schedule of RBI Act, 1934.
Eligible for obtaining loans from RB on Bank Rate.
2. Non- Scheduled Banks-
Banks those are not listed in the second schedule of RBI Act, 1934.
Generally, not eligible for obtaining loans from RBI.
Keep CRR with itself, not with RBI.
b. Sub Markets-
Sub Market, market to generate resources for investment and to meet the shortage of money for regular activities.
The government, Financial Institutions and Industries take part in submarket.
Composition of Sub Market-
(i) Call Money Market-
Known as Short Notice Market.
Generally used for inter-bank borrowing and lending.
Loans for a range from One to Fourteen Days.
It is also divided into two categories- A. Call market or Overnight Market (Within one Day) B. Short Notice market (up to fourteen days)
(ii) Bill Market or Discount Market-
(a) Treasury Bills-
Issued by Government treasury.
Used for short-term credit.
Non-interest bearing (Zero Coupon bonds), issued at discount price.
(b) Commercial Bill Market-
Bills other than treasury bills.
Issued by traders and industries.
(iii) Dated Government Securities-
Used for long-term maturity.
(iv) Certificates of Deposits
Issued by commercial banks and financial Institution
(v) Commercial Paper-
Issued by corporate, Primary dealers and financial institutions.
2. Unorganised Sector-
(i) Money Lenders
(ii) Merchant Cum Money Lenders
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