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banking terms

By Victor S. Fischer
  ✍️ CRR Cash Reserve Ratio is the minimum fraction of total deposits of a bank’s customers that banks have to hold as reserves with the central bank. ✍️ SLR Statutory Liquidity Ratio is the ratio of liquid assets to the net demand and time liabilities. ✍️ LAF Liquid Adjustment Facility is a tool to allow banks to borrow money through repurchase agreements. It consists of repo and reverse repo operations. ✍️ MSF Marginal Standing Facility allows scheduled banks to borrow funds overnight from RBI against approved government securities. ✍️ MSS Market Stabilization Scheme is a monetary policy intervention by RBI to withdraw excess liquidity by selling government securities in the economy. ✍️ OMO Open Market Operations refers to the buying and selling of government securities in the open market so as to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system. ✍️ REPO Repo stands for Repurchase agreement where a seller of a security agrees to buy it back from a buyer at a
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The summer season is India

By Victor S. Fischer
1. The summer season is India from the beginning of March and continues up to June. Up to February the rays of the sun are soothing and we like to bask in the sun. But in March the season changes. The Sun rays because hotter day by day and we begin to get perspiration. The entire earth becomes heated into his season. 2. In summer, the few hours of the morning ae pleasant. In March the sun does not become too hot before noon, but by April the sun becomes hot by 9 a.m. 3. The sun become very hot by noon in May and June and scorching winds also begin to blow. They it becomes very troublesome. People cannot come out of their homes and all work remains suspended till evening. They cannot work even inside their houses because of heat. Moreover, they do not feel energetic and a sort of dullness comes over them. They feel sleepy in the afternoon. They shut all doors and take rest in the coolest part of the building. 4. People do not get relief even in the evening and at night. They
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The moon : Natural Satellite of The Earth

By Victor S. Fischer
1. The moon is the satellite of the earth. It moves round the earth. It shines at night by light reflected from the sun. It looks beautiful. The bright moonlight is very soothing. The earthly objects shine like silver in the moonlight. We are fascinated objects shine like silver in the moonlight. The earthly objects shine like silver in the moonlight. We are fascinated by the enchanting beauty of the moon. 2. The moon is not as beautiful as it looks. It seems to be lovely when it shines in the sky at night. As a matter of fact it is devoid of plants animals. The moon is not suitable place for plants and animals. Therefore, no form of life can be found on the moon. Human beings cannot live on the moon. Unlike the earth, the moon has got no atmosphere. Therefore, the lunar days are very hot and the lunar nights are intensely cold. The moon looks beautiful from the earth but in fact it has a forbidding appearance. It is full of rocks and craters. When we look at the moon at night,
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The Rainy season in India

By Victor S. Fischer
1.        The Rainy season in India start in early July and continues up to September. It comes as a great relief to the world suffering from excessive heat and scorching rays of the sun. Birds, beasts, plants, and human being all welcome the rainy season, because it gives them the much-needed relief. 2.        When the rainy season starts, the sky is very often overcast with clouds and it presents a very beautiful scene. The clouds of different shades and colours move hither and thither in the sky and look very nice. Natural itself wears new apparel. The trees which shed their leaves in the summer come to have new leaves. New grass grows in the dry fields and they look like turf of green velvet. The wind blows away dust from the roads and they look neat and clean. When it drizzles for several days, the Kachcha roads, however, become muddy; Rivers, Ponds, and ditches are filled with water. 3.        The rainy season has both its advantages and disadvantages. Rain helps culti
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The Diwali

By Victor S. Fischer
1. The Diwali or the festival of lights is an important festival of the Hindus. It is held on the fifteenth day of Kartik. 2. On this day people clean their houses. All men, both rich and poor, get their houses whitewashed. In the night people illuminate their houses with small earthen lamps. Rows of small earthen lamps present a very beautiful sight. In big towns people illuminate their houses with electric bulbs instead of earthen lamps. It is the belief of some people that on the night of the Diwali, Goddess Lakshmi, who is the goddess of wealth, pays a visit to each house. She bestows her blessings on the houses which are neat and clean and turns her face against dirty houses. This is why everyday takes care to clean and decorate his house. In the night people perform the Puja of the goddess and distribute sweets. In Bengal, Kali puja is performed on the night of the Diwali. Some people also indulge in gambling on this day. Boys purchase toys and feel very happy. They also m
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An Indian Festival Durga Puja

By Victor S. Fischer
1. The Durga Puja is an important festival of India. It takes place in the month of Ashwin from the first to tenth day of the bright fortnight. It is an occasion of great enthusiasm and festivity for the Hindus. On this occasion schools, colleges, and offices are closed for a long holiday. People return to their homes for celebrating the Puja. 2. The puja is celebrated for ten days, but the image is installed on the seventh day. During the last three days the Puja is celebrated with great pomp and gaiety. The Images are of different designs and sizes. They are dressed in fine clothes and decked with beautiful ornaments. Goddess Durga has ten arms in which she holds weapons. During the puja the poor are fed, alms are distributed and Prasad is distributed to the people. 3. The vijaya Dashami is considered to be an auspicious day. On this day people visit their relatives. The people of the trading classes begin their new year from this day. At some places Ramlila is staged and Ravan
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A Spring Festival (Holi)

By Victor S. Fischer
1. India is a land of festivals. We celebrate our festivals with great enthusiasm. The festivals make us forget our cares and anxieties. They break the monotony of our everyday life. They provide great joy and fun. We celebrate the different festivals at different times. Holi perhaps the happiest festival of the Hindus. It is a spring festival. It is celebrated on the first day of Chaitra. It marks the beginning of the spring season. The beauty of nature makes this festival colourful. The lovely flowers with their dazzling colors and the sweet songs of the cuckoo provide a charming background to Holi. 2. The Holi celebrations begin on the last day of Phalgun. People collect sticks and straws lying in streets at a place. At night they gather at that place and set fire to the huge pile of sticks and straws. They sing songs to the accompaniment of drums. They are mad with joy. They break up when the fire fades out. They main celebration follows the next day. People are in a happy moo
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Sangam Age - The Dawn of History in the Deep South

By Victor S. Fischer
The Megalithic Background Megalith graves were encircled by big pieces of stones. They also contained pottery and iron objects buried with the corpse. They are found in the upland regions of Peninsula with concentration in Eastern Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu State formation and rise of civilization The megalithic people started to reclaim the fertile deltaic lands. The route to the south is called as  Dakshinapatha which became economically important. Megasthenes knew about Pandyas while Ashokan inscriptions mention about Cholas, Pandyas, Keralaputras and Satyaputras Flourishing trade with Roman empire led to the formation of these three states i.e., Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas Sangam Period Sangam period is the period in the history of ancient Tamil Nadu spanning from c. 3 rd  century BC to c. 3 rd  century AD. It is named after the famous Sangam academies of poets and scholars centred in the city of Madurai.
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The Revolt of 1857

By Victor S. Fischer
Political Causes The policy of Doctrine of Lapse Economic Causes heavy taxation, evictions, Discriminatory Tariff Policy against Indian products and destruction of traditional handicrafts that hit peasants, artisans and small zimindars. Military Discrimination as Indian soldiers were paid low salaries, they could not rise above the rank of subedar and were racially insulted. Grievances of Sepays:  The introduction of Enfield rifles, andits cartridge of which was greased with animal fat, provided the spark. British social reforms ( widow remarriage, abolitionof sati, education for girls, Christan missionaries). Cause of Failure The Nizam of Hyderabad, the Raja of Jodhpur, Scindia of Gwalior the Holkar of Indore, the rulers of Patiala, Sindh and Kashmir and the Rana of Nepal provided active support  to the British. Comparative lack of efficient leadership. Impact of the Revolt The control of 
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banking terms

By Victor S. Fischer
  ✍️ CRR Cash Reserve Ratio is the minimum fraction of total deposits of a bank’s customers that banks have to hold as reserves with the central bank. ✍️ SLR Statutory Liquidity Ratio is the ratio of liquid assets to the net demand and time liabilities. ✍️ LAF Liquid Adjustment Facility is a tool to allow banks to borrow money through repurchase agreements. It consists of repo and reverse repo operations. ✍️ MSF Marginal Standing Facility allows scheduled banks to borrow funds overnight from RBI against approved government securities. ✍️ MSS Market Stabilization Scheme is a monetary policy intervention by RBI to withdraw excess liquidity by selling government securities in the economy. ✍️ OMO Open Market Operations refers to the buying and selling of government securities in the open market so as to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system. ✍️ REPO Repo stands for Repurchase agreement where a seller of a security agrees to buy it back from a buyer at a
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