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banking terms

By Victor S. Fischer
  ✍️ CRR Cash Reserve Ratio is the minimum fraction of total deposits of a bank’s customers that banks have to hold as reserves with the central bank. ✍️ SLR Statutory Liquidity Ratio is the ratio of liquid assets to the net demand and time liabilities. ✍️ LAF Liquid Adjustment Facility is a tool to allow banks to borrow money through repurchase agreements. It consists of repo and reverse repo operations. ✍️ MSF Marginal Standing Facility allows scheduled banks to borrow funds overnight from RBI against approved government securities. ✍️ MSS Market Stabilization Scheme is a monetary policy intervention by RBI to withdraw excess liquidity by selling government securities in the economy. ✍️ OMO Open Market Operations refers to the buying and selling of government securities in the open market so as to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system. ✍️ REPO Repo...
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Bahmani and Vijayanagara Kingdoms

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Bahmani  Kingdom

The decline of the Sultanate of Delhi gave birth to two mighty states in South India the Bahmani Kingdom of Gulbarga and the Vijayanagara Empire.

The Bahmanis were Muslim rulers, while the rulers of the Vijayanagar were Hindus.

The Bahmani kingdom was founded by Zafar Khan (Hassan) who took the title of Alauddin Bahman Shah. He selected Gulbarga as its capital and renamed it Ahsanabad.

There were total eighteen Sulthans and they ruled from 1347 to 1527.

Muhammed Gawan was the famous minister of Bahmini kingdom.

The last prince of the Bahmani Kingdom was Kalimullah.

By 1527, the Bahmani kingdom was split up into five independent principalities.

The Adil Shahis of Bijapur -founder – Yusuf Adilshah (1489 - 90)

The Nizam Shahis of Ahamadnagar - founder - Malik Ahmad (1499)

The Imadshahis of Berar - founder -Fateh Ulla Imadshanti (1490)

The Qutubshahi kingdom of Golconda – founder - Qutabshah (1512)

The Baridshahis of Bidar - founder - Amir Ali Barid (1527).

Muhammad Adil Shah built Gol Gumbaz, a tomb with world's second largest Dome at Bijapur

Muhammad Shah built the city of Hyderabad(Bhagyanagar)

Berar stayed out of the Battle of Talikotta

Vijaya Nagara Empire

The founders of Vijaya Nagar Empire were Harihara and Bukka Rai, the revenue officers of the Kakatiya ruler Pratap Rudra Deva II of Warrangal.

They founded the dynasty in 1336 with the capital as Vijaya Nagara on the banks of Tungabhadra river with the help of Saint Vidyaranya.

Vijayanagara kingdom lasted for 230 years and produced four dynasties.

Sangama (1336 - 1485)

Saluva - (1485 - 1505)

Tuluva (1505 - 1565) and

Aravidu (1565 - 1672)

Krishna Deva Raya (1509 - 1529) belonged to the Tuluva dynasty. The Italian traveller Nicolocont visited his court.

Krishnadeva Raya is known as ‘Andhra Bhoja’ He wrote Ushaparinayam and Amuktamalyada

Allasani Peddanna, a Telugu poet was a courtier of Krishna Deva Raya. He is considered as the ‘‘Andra Kavita Pitamaha’’ the Grand Father of Telugu poetry.

‘Ashtadiggajas’ was the famous Scholastic Assembly in the court of Krishna Deva Raya.

Vijayanagar Empire was visited by many foreign travellers:-

Nicolo Conti - Venitian traveller, visited during the reign of Devaraya I.

Abdur Razzak : Ambassador of Sulthan Shahrukh to the court of Devaraya II.

Damingos Paes : He visited Krishna Devaraya’s court.

Ferona Nuniz : A Portuguese who visited during Achyuta Raya’s reign.

Durate Barbosa : A portuguese who visited Krishnadeva Raya’s court.

Athenasius Nikitin (1415) : He was a Russian, who visited during Deva Raya I’s period He wrote, ‘Voyage to India’.




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